Kukonza pamwamba pa mapaipi achitsulo chosasunthika

Ⅰ-AsidiKusankha

1.- Tanthauzo la Kusakaniza ndi Kuphika: Ma asidi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa chiŵerengero cha oxide yachitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pamlingo winawake, kutentha, ndi liwiro, komwe kumatchedwa kuphika.

2.- Kusankha asidi: Malinga ndi mtundu wa asidi, imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: sulfuric acid pickling, hydrochloric acid pickling, nitric acid pickling, ndi hydrofluoric acid pickling. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana iyenera kusankhidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza kutengera zinthu zomwe zili mu chitsulocho, monga kusakaniza carbon steel ndi sulfuric acid ndi hydrochloric acid, kapena kusakaniza chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nitric acid ndi hydrofluoric acid.

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a chitsulo, chimagawidwa m'magawo awiri: waya wothira, forging pickling, steel plate pickling, strip pickling, ndi zina zotero.

Malinga ndi mtundu wa zida zophikira, zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: kuphikira kwa tanki, kuphikira kopitilira theka, kuphikira kopitilira kwathunthu, ndi kuphikira kwa nsanja.

3.- Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito asidi: Kugwiritsira ntchito asidi ndi njira yochotsera mamba a iron oxide pamwamba pa zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamankhwala, motero imatchedwanso kuti mankhwala a chemical acid pickling. Mamba a iron oxide (Fe203, Fe304, Fe0) omwe amapangidwa pamwamba pa mapaipi achitsulo ndi oxide yoyambira yomwe sisungunuka m'madzi. Akamizidwa mu yankho la asidi kapena kupopera ndi yankho la asidi pamwamba, oxide yoyambira iyi imatha kusintha mankhwala ndi asidi motsatizana.

Chifukwa cha kumasuka, kutsekeka, komanso kusweka kwa sikelo ya oxide pamwamba pa chitsulo chopangidwa ndi kaboni kapena chitsulo chotsika cha alloy, kuphatikiza kupindika mobwerezabwereza kwa sikelo ya oxide pamodzi ndi chitsulo chodulidwa panthawi yowongoka, kuwongoka kwamphamvu, ndi kunyamula pamzere wothira, ming'alu ya ma pore awa imawonjezeka ndikukulirakulira. Chifukwa chake, yankho la asidi limakhudzana ndi sikelo ya oxide mwa mankhwala ndipo limayanjananso ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo kudzera m'ming'alu ndi ma pore. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kumayambiriro kwa kutsuka kwa asidi, machitidwe atatu a mankhwala pakati pa sikelo ya oxide yachitsulo ndi yankho la chitsulo ndi asidi zimachitika nthawi imodzi. Ma scales a Iron oxide amakumana ndi mankhwala ndi asidi ndipo amasungunuka (kusungunuka). Chitsulo chachitsulo chimagwirizana ndi asidi kuti apange mpweya wa hydrogen, womwe umachotsa sikelo ya oxide mwa makina (mechanical peeling effect). Hydrogen ya atomu yopangidwa imachepetsa ma oxide achitsulo kukhala ma ferrous oxides omwe amatha kuchita acid, kenako imachita ndi ma acids oti achotsedwe (kuchepetsa).

Ⅱ-Kusasangalala/Kuletsa/Kuletsa

1.- Mfundo ya Passivation: Njira yogwiritsira ntchito passivation ingathe kufotokozedwa ndi chiphunzitso cha filimu yopyapyala, chomwe chikusonyeza kuti passivation imachitika chifukwa cha kuyanjana pakati pa zitsulo ndi zinthu zopangitsa kuti pakhale okosijeni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti passivation ipange filimu yopyapyala kwambiri, yokhuthala, yophimbidwa bwino, komanso yothira bwino pamwamba pa chitsulo. Filimu iyi imapezeka ngati gawo lodziyimira payokha, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zitsulo zosungunuka. Imagwira ntchito yolekanitsa chitsulocho ndi zinthu zowononga, kuletsa chitsulocho kuti chisakhudze zinthu zowononga, motero kuletsa kusungunuka kwa chitsulocho ndikupanga mkhalidwe wopanda mphamvu kuti chikwaniritse zotsatira zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri.

2.- Ubwino wa kungokhala chete:

1) Poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe zotsekera, chithandizo cha passivation chili ndi khalidwe losawonjezera makulidwe a workpiece ndikusintha mtundu, kukonza kulondola ndi kuwonjezera phindu la chinthucho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yosavuta;

2) Chifukwa cha njira yosinthira mphamvu ya chinthucho, chinthucho chimatha kuwonjezeredwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale ndi moyo wautali komanso mtengo wotsika.

3) Kusuntha kumalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa filimu ya okosijeni yopangidwa ndi mamolekyu a okosijeni pamwamba pa chitsulo, yomwe ndi yaying'ono komanso yokhazikika, ndipo imadzikonza yokha mumlengalenga nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza ndi njira yachikhalidwe yophikira mafuta oletsa dzimbiri, filimu ya kusuntha yopangidwa ndi kusuntha ndi yokhazikika komanso yolimba komanso yolimbana ndi dzimbiri. Zotsatira zambiri zamphamvu mu gawo la okosijeni zimagwirizana mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina ndi njira ya kusungunuka kwa kutentha. Pa kutentha kwa 800-1250 ℃, njira ya kusungunuka kwa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wouma, mpweya wonyowa, kapena nthunzi yamadzi ili ndi magawo atatu opitilira. Choyamba, mpweya womwe uli mumlengalenga wachilengedwe umalowa mu gawo la okosijeni lopangidwa, kenako mpweya umafalikira mkati kudzera mu silicon dioxide. Ukafika pa mawonekedwe a Si02-Si, umachitapo kanthu ndi silicon kuti upange silicon dioxide yatsopano. Mwanjira imeneyi, njira yopitilira ya kufalikira kwa mpweya imachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa silicon pafupi ndi mawonekedwe kuti isanduke silica nthawi zonse, ndipo gawo la okosijeni limakula kupita mkati mwa wafer wa silicon pamlingo winawake.

Ⅲ-Phosphating

Chithandizo cha phosphate ndi njira ya mankhwala yomwe imapanga filimu (phosphating film) pamwamba. Njira yochizira phosphate imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamwamba pa chitsulo, cholinga chake ndi kupereka filimu yoteteza kuti chitsulocho chisatuluke mumlengalenga ndikuletsa dzimbiri; Ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati choyambira cha zinthu zina musanapente utoto. Ndi filimu iyi ya phosphate, imatha kukonza kulimba ndi kukana dzimbiri kwa utoto, kukonza mawonekedwe okongoletsa, ndikupangitsa kuti pamwamba pa chitsulo pawoneke bwino kwambiri. Ithanso kukhala ndi gawo lopaka mafuta m'njira zina zozizira zachitsulo.

Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha phosphate, chogwirira ntchitocho sichidzasungunuka kapena dzimbiri kwa nthawi yayitali, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo cha phosphate kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri ndipo ndi njira yodziwika bwino yochizira pamwamba pa chitsulo. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga magalimoto, zombo, ndi kupanga makina.

1.- Kugawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito phosphate

Kawirikawiri, mankhwala opangidwa pamwamba amakhala ndi mtundu wosiyana, koma mankhwala opangidwa ndi phosphorous amatha kutengera zosowa zenizeni pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana opangidwa ndi phosphorous kuti apereke mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri timawona mankhwala opangidwa ndi phosphorous mu imvi, mtundu, kapena wakuda.

Kupaka chitsulo: pambuyo pa kupaka chitsulo, pamwamba pake padzawonetsa mtundu wa utawaleza ndi buluu, motero amatchedwanso mtundu wa phosphorous. Njira yothetsera phosphorous imagwiritsa ntchito molybdate ngati zopangira, zomwe zimapanga filimu ya utoto wa utawaleza pamwamba pa zipangizo zachitsulo, ndipo imagwiritsidwanso ntchito makamaka kupaka utoto pansi, kuti ikwaniritse kukana dzimbiri kwa ntchitoyo ndikuwonjezera kumatirira kwa chophimba pamwamba.