Chitoliro chotetezedwa ndi makina opopera omwe ali ndi kutentha kotentha. Ntchito yake yaikulu ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa kutentha panthawi yonyamula zinthu (monga madzi otentha, nthunzi, ndi mafuta otentha) mkati mwa chitolirocho pamene akuteteza chitolirocho ku zinthu zachilengedwe. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potenthetsera nyumba, kutentha kwa zigawo, petrochemicals, uinjiniya wa boma, ndi zina zotero.
1. Kapangidwe ka Pakati
Chitoliro chotetezedwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi kapangidwe ka multilayer composite kokhala ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu:
• Chitoliro chachitsulo chogwira ntchito: Gawo lamkati lapakati, lomwe limayang'anira kunyamula zinthu zolumikizira. Zipangizo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chitsulo chosasunthika, chitsulo cholimba, kapena mapaipi apulasitiki, ndipo ziyenera kukhala zotetezeka kupsinjika ndi dzimbiri.
• Chotchingira Choteteza: Chotchingira chapakati chofunikira kwambiri, chomwe chimayang'anira kutenthetsa. Zipangizo zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo thovu la polyurethane, ubweya wa miyala, ubweya wagalasi, ndi polyethylene. Thovu la polyurethane ndilo losankhidwa kwambiri pakadali pano chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri otetezera kutentha.
• Chigoba Chakunja: Chigoba chakunja choteteza chimateteza chigoba choteteza ku chinyezi, ukalamba, ndi kuwonongeka kwa makina. Zipangizo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi polyethylene yochuluka kwambiri (HDPE), fiberglass, kapena chophimba choletsa dzimbiri.
II. Mitundu Yaikulu ndi Makhalidwe
Kutengera ndi zinthu zotenthetsera ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, mitundu ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi awa:
• Chitoliro Chotetezedwa ndi Polyurethane: Kutenthetsa kwa kutentha ≤ 0.024 W/(m·K), kutenthetsa kwamphamvu kwambiri, kukana kutentha pang'ono, komanso kukana kukalamba. Choyenera mapaipi amadzi otentha ndi nthunzi okhala ndi kutentha pakati pa -50°C ndi 120°C, ndiye chisankho chomwe chimakondedwa kwambiri pamakina otenthetsera pakati ndi pansi.
• Chitoliro Chotetezedwa ndi Rockwool: Cholimba kutentha kwambiri (mpaka 600°C) komanso cholimba kwambiri pa moto (Class A sichingayaka), koma chifukwa cha kuyamwa madzi ambiri, chimafunika kutetezedwa ku chinyezi. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa mapaipi otentha kwambiri a mafakitale (monga mapaipi a nthunzi ya boiler).
• Chitoliro Choteteza Ubweya wa Galasi: Chopepuka, chokhala ndi choteteza mawu chabwino kwambiri, komanso cholimba kutentha kuyambira -120°C mpaka 400°C, ndi choyenera mapaipi otentha pang'ono (monga mapaipi oziziritsa mpweya) komanso choteteza mapaipi m'nyumba za anthu wamba.
III. Ubwino Waukulu
1. Kusunga Mphamvu ndi Kuchepetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu: Kumachepetsa kutayika kwa kutentha m'malo osungira magetsi, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'malo otenthetsera, kupanga mafakitale, ndi zina zotero. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali kungachepetse kwambiri ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
2. Chitetezo cha Paipi: Chigoba chakunja chimateteza ku madzi, dzimbiri la nthaka, ndi kuwonongeka kwa makina, zomwe zimawonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito ya paipi ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kukonza.
3. Kugwira Ntchito Paipi Yokhazikika: Kumasunga kutentha kwapakati kokhazikika kuti kutentha kusasinthe momwe ntchito ikuyendera (monga kusunga kutentha kwa mkati mwa mapaipi otenthetsera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito ya mapaipi amafakitale ndi yokhazikika).
4. Kukhazikitsa Kosavuta: Mapaipi ena otetezedwa amakonzedwa kale, omwe amafunikira kulumikizana ndi kuyikidwa pamalopo, zomwe zimafupikitsa nthawi yomanga ndikuchepetsa zovuta.
IV. Mapulogalamu Oyenera
• Magulu a Municipal: Ma network otenthetsera apakati mumzinda ndi mapaipi amadzi apampopi (kuti apewe kuzizira nthawi yozizira).
• Kapangidwe: Mapaipi otenthetsera pansi m'nyumba zogona ndi zamalonda, ndi mapaipi otenthetsera ndi kuziziritsira apakati a mpweya wozizira wapakati.
• Zamakampani: Mapaipi amafuta otentha m'mafakitale amafuta ndi mankhwala, mapaipi a nthunzi m'mafakitale amagetsi, ndi mapaipi apakati a cryogenic m'malo osungira zinthu ozizira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-26-2025